Cervical screening can identify high-risk HPV infection or cell changes before cancer develops. Screening and HPV vaccination are complementary preventive measures.

Screening may use a Pap test, an HPV test or both.

The appropriate interval depends on age, test type, previous results and risk.

An abnormal result usually does not mean cancer, but follow-up is important.

What screening checks

A Pap test looks for abnormal cervical cells. An HPV test checks for high-risk HPV types associated with cervical cancer. The sample is collected from the cervix during a speculum examination.

The recommended starting age, test and interval vary by national guidance, age, immune status and previous results.

HPV vaccination

HPV vaccination reduces the risk of infection with important cancer-associated HPV types. Vaccinated people still need screening according to applicable guidance because vaccination does not cover every high-risk type.

Understanding an abnormal result

An abnormal screening result does not automatically mean cancer. Many HPV infections clear, while some cell changes require repeat testing, colposcopy or treatment according to the level of risk.

Symptoms still need evaluation

Screening is for people without symptoms. Bleeding after sex, persistent unusual discharge, bleeding between periods or postmenopausal bleeding should be evaluated even if a recent screening test was normal.

When to seek urgent careHeavy bleeding, severe pelvic pain, fainting or symptoms during pregnancy require urgent assessment. Persistent postcoital or postmenopausal bleeding should be evaluated promptly.

Medical note: This page is educational. Diagnosis, tests and treatment must be individualised after a clinical consultation. Do not delay emergency care because of information on this website.